|
YEAR |
LAUREATES |
MOTIVATIONS |
| 2002 |
John B. Fenn (1917-),
USA |
"for the development of
methods for identification and structure analyses of biological
macromolecules" |
| Koichi Tanaka (1959-),
Japan |
"for their development of
soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses
of biological macromolecules" |
| Kurt Wüthrich (1938-),
Switzerland |
"for his development of
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining
the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules
in solution" |
| 2001 |
William S. Knowles (1917-),
USA
Ryoji Noyori (1938-), Japan |
"for their work on
chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" |
| K. Barry Sharpless (1941-), USA |
"for his work on chirally
catalysed oxidation reactions" |
| 2000 |
Alan J. Heeger (1936-), USA
Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927-), USA
Hideki Shirakawa (1936-), Japan |
"for the discovery and
development of conductive polymers" |
| 1999 |
Ahmed H. Zewail (1946-), Egypt
and USA |
"for his studies of the
transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond
spectroscopy" |
| 1998 |
Walter Kohn (1923-), USA |
"for his development of
the density-functional theory" |
| John A. Pople (1925-), Great
Britain |
"for his development of
computational methods in quantum chemistry" |
| 1997 |
Paul D. Boyer (1918-), USA
John E. Walker(1941-), U.K. |
"for their elucidation of
the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)" |
| Jens C. Skou (1918-), Denmark |
"for the first discovery
of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase" |
| 1996 |
Robert F. Curl, Jr. (1933-),
USA
Sir Harold W. Kroto (1939-), U.K.
Richard Errett Smalley (1943-), USA |
"for their discovery of
fullerenes" |
| 1995 |
Paul Crutzen (1933-), the
Netherlands
Mario Molina (1943-), USA
F. Sherwood Rowland (1927-), USA |
"for their work in
atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and
decomposition of ozone" |
| 1994 |
George A. Olah (1927-), USA |
"for his contribution to
carbocation chemistry" |
| 1993 |
Kary B. Mullis (1944-), USA |
"for his invention of the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" |
Michael Smith (1932-2000), Canada
|
"for his fundamental
contributions to the establishment of oligonucleiotide-based,
site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein
studies"
Joint Motivation: "for contributions to the
developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" |
| 1992 |
Rudolph A. Marcus (1923-), USA |
"for his contributions to
the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical
systems" |
| 1991 |
Richard R. Ernst (1933-), Switzerland |
"for his contributions to
the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" |
| 1990 |
Elias James Corey (1928-), USA |
"for his development of
the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" |
| 1989 |
Sidney Altman (1939-), USA
and Canada
Thomas R. Cech (1947-), USA |
"for their discovery of
catalytic properties of RNA" |
| 1988 |
Johann Deisenhofer (1943-), Fed.
Rep. of Germany
Robert Huber (1937-), Fed. Rep. of Germany
Hartmut Michel (1948-), Fed. Rep. of Germany |
"for the determination of
the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction
centre" |
| 1987 |
Donald J. Cram (1919-), USA
Jean-Marie Lehn (1939-), France
Charles J. Pedersen (1904-1989), USA |
"for their development and
use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high
selectivity" |
| 1986 |
Dudley R. Herschbach
(1932-), USA
Yuan T. Lee (1936-), USA
John C. Polanyi (1929-), Canada |
"for their contributions
concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" |
| 1985 |
Herbert A. Hauptman (1917-),
USA
Jerome Karle (1918-), USA |
"for their outstanding
achievements in the development of direct methods for the
determination of crystal structures" |
| 1984 |
Robert Bruce Merrifield
(1921-), USA |
"for his development of
methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" |
| 1983 |
Henry Taube (1915-), USA |
"for his work on the
mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal
complexes" |
| 1982 |
Sir Aaron Klug (1926-), Great
Britain |
"for his development of
crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural
elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein
complexes" |
| 1981 |
Kenichi Fukui (1918-1998), Japan
Roald Hoffmann (1937-), USA |
"for their theories,
developed independently, concerning the course of chemical
reactions" |
| 1980 |
Paul Berg (1926-), USA |
"for his fundamental
studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular
regard to recombinant-DNA"; |
Walter Gilbert (1932-), USA
Frederick Sanger (1918-), USA and Great Britain |
"for their contributions
concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic
acids" |
| 1979 |
Herbert C. Brown (1912-), USA
Georg Wittig (1897-1987), Fed. Rep. of Germany |
"for their development of
the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds,
respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" |
| 1978 |
Peter D. Mitchell
(1920-1992), Great Britain |
"for his contribution to
the understanding of biological energy transfer through the
formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" |
| 1977 |
Ilya Prigogine (1917-), Belgium |
"for his contributions to
non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of
dissipative structures" |
| 1976 |
William N. Lipscomb (1919-),
USA |
"for his studies on the
structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical
bonding" |
| 1975 |
Sir John Warcup Cornforth
(1917-), Australia and Great Britain |
"for his work on the
stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"; |
| Vladimir Prelog (1906-1998),
Switzerland |
"for his research into the
stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" |
| 1974 |
Paul J. Flory (1910-1985), USA |
"for his fundamental
achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical
chemistry of the macromolecules" |
| 1973 |
Ernst Otto Fischer (1918-), Fed.
Rep. of Germany
Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921-1996), Great Britain |
"for their pioneering
work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the
organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" |
| 1972 |
Christian B. Anfinsen
(1916-1995), USA |
"for his work on
ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the
amino acid sequence and the biologically active
conformation"; |
Stanford Moore (1913-1982), USA
William H. Stein (1911-1980), USA |
"for their contribution to
the understanding of the connection between chemical structure
and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease
molecule" |
| 1971 |
Gerhard Herzberg
(1904-1999), Canada |
"for his contributions to
the knowledge of electronic stucture and geometry of molecules,
particularly free radicals" |
| 1970 |
Luis F. Leloir (1906-1987), Argentina |
"for his discovery of
sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of
carbohydrates" |
| 1969 |
Sir Derek H. R. Barton
(1918-1998), Great Britain
Odd Hassel (1897-1981), Norway |
"for their contributions
to the development of the concept of conformation and its
application in chemistry" |
| 1968 |
Lars Onsager (1903-1976), USA |
"for the discovery of the
reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for
the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" |
| 1967 |
Manfred Eigen (1927-), Fed.
Rep. of Germany
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897-1978), Great Britain
Lord George Porter (1920-), Great Britain |
"for their studies of
extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the
equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" |
| 1966 |
Robert Sanderson Mulliken
(1896-1986), USA |
"for his fundamental work
concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of
molecules by the molecular orbital method" |
| 1965 |
Robert Burns Woodward
(1917-1979), USA |
"for his outstanding
achievements in the art of organic synthesis" |
| 1964 |
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
(1910-1994), Great Britain |
"for her determinations by
X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical
substances" |
| 1963 |
Karl Ziegler (1898-1973), Germany
Giulio Natta (1903-1979), Italy |
"for their discoveries in
the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" |
| 1962 |
Max Ferdinand Perutz
(1914-), Great Britain
Sir John Cowdery Kendrew (1917-1997), Great Britain |
"for their studies of the
structures of globular proteins" |
| 1961 |
Melvin Calvin (1911-1997), USA |
"for his research on the
carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" |
| 1960 |
Willard Frank Libby
(1908-1980), USA |
"for his method to use
carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology,
geophysics, and other branches of science" |
| 1959 |
Jaroslav Heyrovsky
(1890-1967), Czechoslovakia |
"for his discovery and
development of the polarographic methods of analysis" |
| 1958 |
Frederick Sanger (1918-), Great
Britain |
"for his work on the
structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" |
| 1957 |
Lord Alexander R. Todd
(1907-1997), Great Britain |
"for his work on
nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" |
| 1956 |
Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
(1897-1967), Great Britain
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1896-1986), USSR |
"for their researches into
the mechanism of chemical reactions" |
| 1955 |
Vincent du Vigneaud
(1901-1978), USA |
"for his work on
biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the
first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" |
| 1954 |
Linus Carl Pauling
(1901-1994), USA |
"for his research into the
nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation
of the structure of complex substances" |
| 1953 |
Hermann Staudinger
(1881-1965), Germany |
"for his discoveries in
the field of macromolecular chemistry" |
| 1952 |
Archer John Porter Martin
(1910-), Great Britain
Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914-1994), Great
Britain |
"for their invention of
partition chromatography" |
| 1951 |
Edwin Mattison McMillan
(1907-1991), USA
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912-1999), USA |
"for their discoveries in
the chemistry of the transuranium elements" |
| 1950 |
Otto Diels (1876-1954), Germany
Kurt Alder (1902-1958), Germany |
"for their discovery and
development of the diene synthesis" |
| 1949 |
William Francis Giauque
(1895-1982), USA |
"for his contributions in
the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the
behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" |
| 1948 |
Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
(1902-1971), Sweden |
"for his research on
electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his
discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum
proteins" |
| 1947 |
Sir Robert Robinson
(1886-1975), Great Britain |
"for his investigations on
plant products of biological importance, especially the
alkaloids" |
| 1946 |
James Batcheller Sumner
(1887-1955), USA |
"for his discovery that
enzymes can be crystallized" |
John Howard Northrop
(1891-1987), USA
Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904-1971), USA |
"for their preparation of
enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" |
| 1945 |
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
(1895-1973), Finland |
"for his research and
inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for
his fodder preservation method" |
| 1944 |
Otto Hahn (1879-1968), Germany |
"for his discovery of the
fission of heavy nuclei" |
| 1943 |
George de Hevesy
(1885-1966), Hungary |
"for his work on the use
of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" |
| 1942 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1941 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1940 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1939 |
Adolf Friedrich Johann
Butenandt (1903-1995), Germany |
"for his work on sex
hormones" |
| Leopold Stephen Ruzicka
(1887-1976), Switzerland |
"for his work on
polymethylenes and higher terpenes" |
| 1938 |
Richard Kuhn (1900-1967), Germany |
"for his work on
carotenoids and vitamins |
| 1937 |
Sir Walter Norman Haworth
(1883-1950), Great Britain |
"for his investigations on
carbohydrates and vitamin C" |
| Paul Karrer (1889-1971), Switzerland |
"for his investigations on
carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" |
| 1936 |
Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus
Debye (1884-1966), the Netherlands |
"for his contributions to
our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on
dipole moments
and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" |
| 1935 |
Frédéric Joliot
(1900-1958), France
Iréne Joliot-Curie (1897-1956), France |
"in recognition of their
synthesis of new radioactive elements" |
| 1934 |
Harold Clayton Urey
(1893-1981), USA |
"for his discovery of
heavy hydrogen" |
| 1933 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1932 |
Irving Langmuir (1881-1957),
USA |
"for his discoveries and
investigations in surface chemistry" |
| 1931 |
Carl Bosch (1874-1940), Germany
Friedrich Bergius (1884-1949), Germany |
"in recognition of their
contributions to the invention and development of chemical high
pressure methods" |
| 1930 |
Hans Fischer (1881-1945), Germany |
"for his researches into
the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his
synthesis of haemin" |
| 1929 |
Sir Arthur Harden
(1865-1940), Great Britain
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873-1964), Sweden |
"for their investigations
on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" |
| 1928 |
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
(1876-1959), Germany |
"for the services rendered
through his research into the constitution of the sterols and
their connection with the vitamins" |
| 1927 |
Heinrich Otto Wieland
(1877-1957), Germany |
"for his investigations of
the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" |
| 1926 |
The Svedberg (1884-1971), Sweden |
"for his work on disperse
systems" |
| 1925 |
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
(1865-1929), Germany |
"for his demonstration of
the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods
he used,
which have since become fundamental in modern colloid
chemistry" |
| 1924 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1923 |
Fritz Pregl (1869-1930), Austria |
"for his invention of the
method of micro-analysis of organic substances" |
| 1922 |
Francis William Aston
(1877-1945), Great Britain |
"for his discovery, by
means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of
non-radioactive elements,
and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" |
| 1921 |
Frederick Soddy (1877-1956),
Great Britain |
"for his contributions to
our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his
investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" |
| 1920 |
Walther Hermann Nernst
(1864-1941), Germany |
"in recognition of his
work in thermochemistry" |
| 1919 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1918 |
Fritz Haber (1868-1934), Germany |
"for the synthesis of
ammonia from its elements" |
| 1917 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1916 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1915 |
Richard Martin Willstätter
(1872-1942), Germany |
"for his researches on
plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" |
| 1914 |
Theodore William Richards
(1868-1928), USA |
"in recognition of his
accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of
chemical elements" |
| 1913 |
Alfred Werner (1866-1919), Switzerland |
"in recognition of his
work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown
new light on earlier investigations
and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic
chemistry" |
| 1912 |
Victor Grignard (1871-1935),
France |
"for the discovery of the
so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly
advanced the progress of organic chemistry"; |
| Paul Sabatier (1854-1941), France |
"for his method of
hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely
disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry
has been greatly advanced in recent years" |
| 1911 |
Marie (Sklodowska) Curie
(1867-1934), France |
"in recognition of her
services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the
elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium
and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable
element" |
| 1910 |
Otto Wallach (1847-1931), Germany |
"in recognition of his
services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his
pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" |
| 1909 |
Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932),
Germany |
"in recognition of his
work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental
principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of
reaction" |
| 1908 |
Lord Ernest Rutherford
(1871-1937), Great Britain |
"for his investigations
into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of
radioactive substances" |
| 1907 |
Eduard Buchner (1860-1917), Germany |
"for his biochemical
researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" |
| 1906 |
Henri Moissan (1852-1907), France |
"in recognition of the
great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation
of the element fluorine,
and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric
furnace called after him" |
| 1905 |
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm
Adolf von Baeyer (1835-1917), Germany |
"in recognition of his
services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical
industry,
through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" |
| 1904 |
Sir William Ramsay
(1852-1916), Great Britain |
"in recognition of his
services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air,
and his determination of their place in the periodic system" |
| 1903 |
Svante August Arrhenius
(1859-1927), Sweden |
"in recognition of the
extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of
chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation" |
| 1902 |
Hermann Emil Fischer
(1852-1919), Germany |
"in recognition of the
extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and
purine syntheses" |
| 1901 |
Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff
(1852-1911), the Netherlands |
"in recognition of the
extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the
laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" |
