|
YEAR |
LAUREATES |
MOTIVATIONS |
| 2002 |
Sydney Brenner (1927-),
United Kingdom
H. Robert Horvitz (1947-), USA
John E. Sulston (1942-), United Kingdom |
"for their discoveries
concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed
cell death" |
| 2001 |
Leland H. Hartwell (1939-),
USA
R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt (1943-), Great Britain
Sir Paul M. Nurse (1949-), Great Britain |
"for their discoveries of
key regulators of the cell cycle" |
| 2000 |
Arvid Carlsson (1923-), Sweden
Paul Greengard (1925-), USA
Eric Kandel (1929-), Austria-USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" |
| 1999 |
Günter Blobel (1936-), USA |
"for the discovery that
proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and
localization in the cell" |
| 1998 |
Robert F. Furchgott (1916-),
USA
Louis J. Ignarro (1941-), USA
Ferid Murad (1936-), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the
cardiovascular system" |
| 1997 |
Stanley B. Prusiner (1942-),
USA |
"for his discovery of
Prions - a new biological principle of infection" |
| 1996 |
Peter C. Doherty (1940-), Australia
Rolf M. Zinkernagel (1944-), Switzerland |
"for their discoveries
concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" |
| 1995 |
Edward B. Lewis (1918-), USA
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1942-), Germany
Eric F. Wieschaus (1947-), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning the genetic control of early embryonic
development" |
| 1994 |
Alfred G. Gilman (1941-), USA
Martin Rodbell (1925-1998), USA |
"for their discovery of
G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction
in cells" |
| 1993 |
Richard J. Roberts (1943-), Great
Britain
Phillip A. Sharp (1944-), USA |
"for their discoveries of
split genes" |
| 1992 |
Edmond H. Fischer (1920-), USA
Edwin G. Krebs (1918-), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological
regulatory mechanism" |
| 1991 |
Erwin Neher (1944-), Germany
Bert Sakmann (1942-), Germany |
"for their discoveries
concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" |
| 1990 |
Joseph E. Murray (1919-), USA
E. Donnall Thomas (1920-), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning Organ and Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of
Human Disease" |
| 1989 |
J. Michael Bishop (1936-), USA
Harold E. Varmus (1939-), USA |
"for their discovery of
the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" |
| 1988 |
Sir James W. Black (1924-), Great
Britain
Gertrude B. Elion (1918-1999), USA
George H. Hitchings (1905-1998), USA |
"for their discoveries of
important principles for drug treatment" |
| 1987 |
Susumu Tonegawa (1939-), Japan |
"for his discovery of the
genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" |
| 1986 |
Stanley Cohen (1922-), USA
Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909-), Italy and USA |
"for their discoveries of
growth factors" |
| 1985 |
Michael S. Brown (1941-), USA
Joseph L. Goldstein (1940-), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" |
| 1984 |
Niels K. Jerne (1911-1994), Denmark
Georges J.F. Köhler (1946-1995), Fed. Rep. of Germany
César Milstein (1927-), Great Britain and Argentina |
"for theories concerning
the specificity in development and control of the immune system
and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal
antibodies" |
| 1983 |
Barbara McClintock
(1902-1992), USA |
"for her discovery of
mobile genetic elements" |
| 1982 |
Sune K. Bergström (1916-), Sweden
Bengt I. Samuelsson (1934-), Sweden
Sir John R. Vane (1927-), Great Britain |
"for their discoveries
concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active
substances" |
| 1981 |
Roger W. Sperry (1913-1994),
USA |
"for his discoveries
concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral
hemispheres" |
David H. Hubel (1926-), USA
Torsten N. Wiesel (1924-), Sweden |
"for their discoveries
concerning information processing in the visual system" |
| 1980 |
Baruj Benacerraf (1920-), USA
Jean Dausset (1916-), France
George D. Snell (1903-1996), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning genetically determined structures
on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" |
| 1979 |
Allan M. Cormack
(1924-1998), USA
Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield (1919-), Great Britain |
"for the development of
computer assisted tomography" |
| 1978 |
Werner Arber (1929-), Switzerland
Daniel Nathans (1928-1999), USA
Hamilton O. Smith (1931-), USA |
"for the discovery of
restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular
genetics" |
| 1977 |
Roger Guillemin (1924-), USA
Andrew V. Schally (1926-), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"; |
| Rosalyn S. Yalow (1921-), USA |
"for the development of
radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" |
| 1976 |
Baruch S. Blumberg (1925-), USA
D. Carleton Gajdusek (1923-), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of
infectious diseases" |
| 1975 |
David Baltimore (1938-), USA
Renato Dulbecco (1914-), USA
Howard Martin Temin (1934-1994), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic
material of the cell" |
| 1974 |
Albert Claude (1899-1983), Belgium
Christian de Duve (1917-), Belgium
George Emil Palade (1912-), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning the structural and functional organization of the
cell" |
| 1973 |
Karl von Frisch (1886-1982),
Fed. Rep. of Germany
Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989), Austria
Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988), Great Britain |
"for their discoveries
concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social
behaviour patterns" |
| 1972 |
Gerald M. Edelman (1929-), USA
Rodney R. Porter (1917-1985), Great Britain |
"for their discoveries
concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" |
| 1971 |
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
(1915-1974), USA |
"for his discoveries
concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones" |
| 1970 |
Sir Bernard Katz (1911-), Great
Britain
Ulf S. von Euler (1905-1983), Sweden
Julius Axelrod (1912-), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals
and the mechanism for their storage, release and
inactivation" |
| 1969 |
Max Delbrück (1906-1981), USA
Alfred Day Hershey (1908-1997), USA
Salvador Edward Luria (1912-1991), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of
viruses" |
| 1968 |
Robert W. Holley
(1922-1993), USA
Har Gobind Khorana (1922-), USA
Marshall Warren Nirenberg (1927-), USA |
"for their interpretation
of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" |
| 1967 |
Ragnar Arthur Granit
(1900-1991), Sweden
Haldan Keffer Hartline (1903-1983), USA
George Wald (1906-1997), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes
in the eye" |
| 1966 |
Peyton Rous (1879-1970), USA |
"for his discovery of
tumor-inducing viruses"; |
| Charles Brenton Huggins
(1901-1997), USA |
"for his discoveries
concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer" |
| 1965 |
François Jacob (1920-), France
André Michel Lwoff (1902-1994), France
Jacques Lucien Monod (1910-1976), France |
"for their discoveries
concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" |
| 1964 |
Konrad E. Bloch (1912-), USA
Feodor Lynen (1911-1979), Germany |
"for their discoveries
concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and
fatty acid metabolism" |
| 1963 |
Sir John Carew Eccles
(1903-1997), Australia
Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1914-1998), Great Britain
Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917-), Great Britain |
"for their discoveries
concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation
and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve
cell membrane" |
| 1962 |
Francis Harry Compton Crick
(1916-), Great Britain
James Dewey Watson (1928-), USA
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (1916-), Great Britain |
"for their discoveries
concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids
and its significance for information transfer in living
material" |
| 1961 |
Georg von Békésy
(1899-1972), USA |
"for his discoveries of
the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" |
| 1960 |
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
(1899-1985), Australia
Sir Peter Brian Medawar (1915-1987), Great Britain |
"for discovery of acquired
immunological tolerance" |
| 1959 |
Severo Ochoa (1905-1993), USA
Arthur Kornberg (1918-), USA |
"for their discovery of
the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and
deoxyribonucleic acid" |
| 1958 |
George Wells Beadle
(1903-1989), USA
Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909-1975), USA |
"for their discovery that
genes act by regulating definite chemical events"; |
| Joshua Lederberg (1925-), USA |
"for his discoveries
concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the
genetic material of bacteria" |
| 1957 |
Daniel Bovet (1907-1992), Italy |
"for his discoveries
relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain
body substances,
and especially their action on the vascular system and the
skeletal muscles" |
| 1956 |
André Frédéric Cournand
(1895-1988), USA
Werner Theodor Otto Forssmann (1904-1979), Germany
Dickinson Woodruff Richards Jr. (1895-1973), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning heart catherization and pathological changes in the
circulatory system" |
| 1955 |
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
(1903-1982), Sweden |
"for his discoveries
concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation
enzymes" |
| 1954 |
John Franklin Enders
(1897-1985), USA
Thomas Huckle Weller (1915-), USA
Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916-), USA |
"for their discovery of
the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of
various types of tissue" |
| 1953 |
Sir Hans Adolf Krebs
(1900-1981), Great Britain |
"for his discovery of the
citric acid cycle"; |
| Fritz Albert Lipmann
(1899-1986), USA |
"for his discovery of
co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" |
| 1952 |
Selman Abraham Waksman
(1888-1973), USA |
"for his discovery of
streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against
tuberculosis" |
| 1951 |
Max Theiler (1899-1972), Union
of South Africa |
"for his discoveries
concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" |
| 1950 |
Edward Calvin Kendall
(1886-1972), USA
Tadeus Reichstein (1897-1996), Switzerland
Philip Showalter Hench (1896-1965), USA |
"for their discoveries
relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure
and biological effects" |
| 1949 |
Walter Rudolf Hess
(1881-1973), Switzerland |
"for his discovery of the
functional organization of the interbrain
as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"; |
Antonio Caetano de Abreu
Freire Egas Moniz (1874-1955),
Portugal |
"for his discovery of the
therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses" |
| 1948 |
Paul Hermann Müller
(1899-1965), Switzerland |
"for his discovery of the
high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several
arthropods" |
| 1947 |
Carl Ferdinand Cori
(1896-1984), USA
Gerty Theresa Cori (1896-1957), USA |
"for their discovery of
the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"; |
| Bernardo Alberto Houssay
(1887-1971), Argentina |
"for his discovery of the
part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the
metabolism of sugar" |
| 1946 |
Hermann Joseph Muller
(1890-1967), USA |
"for the discovery of the
production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" |
| 1945 |
Sir Alexander Fleming
(1881-1955), Great Britain
Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906-1979), Great Britain
Lord Howard Walter Florey (1898-1968), Great Britain |
"for the discovery of
penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious
diseases" |
| 1944 |
Joseph Erlanger (1874-1965),
USA
Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888-1963), USA |
"for their discoveries
relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve
fibres" |
| 1943 |
Henrik Carl Peter Dam
(1895-1976), Denmark |
"for his discovery of
vitamin K"; |
| Edward Adelbert Doisy
(1893-1986), USA |
"for his discovery of the
chemical nature of vitamin K" |
| 1942 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1941 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1940 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1939 |
Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk
(1895-1964), Germany |
"for the discovery of the
antibacterial effects of prontosil" |
| 1938 |
Corneille Jean François
Heymans (1892-1968), Belgium |
"for the discovery of the
role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation
of respiration" |
| 1937 |
Albert von Szent-Györgyi
(1893-1986), Hungary |
"for his discoveries in
connection with the biological combustion processes,
with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric
acid" |
| 1936 |
Sir Henry Hallett Dale
(1875-1968), Great Britain
Otto Loewi (1873-1961), Austria |
"for their discoveries
relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" |
| 1935 |
Hans Spemann (1869-1941), Germany |
"for his discovery of the
organizer effect in embryonic development" |
| 1934 |
George Hoyt Whipple
(1878-1976), USA
George Richards Minot (1885-1950), USA
William Parry Murphy (1892-1987), USA |
"for their discoveries
concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" |
| 1933 |
Thomas Hunt Morgan
(1866-1945), USA |
"for his discoveries
concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" |
| 1932 |
Sir Charles Scott
Sherrington (1857-1952), Great Britain
Lord Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889-1977), Great Britain |
"for their discoveries
regarding the functions of neurons" |
| 1931 |
Otto Heinrich Warburg
(1883-1970), Germany |
"for his discovery of the
nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" |
| 1930 |
Karl Landsteiner
(1868-1943), Austria |
"for his discovery of
human blood groups" |
| 1929 |
Christiaan Eijkman
(1858-1930), the Netherlands |
"for his discovery of the
antineuritic vitamin"; |
| Sir Frederick Gowland
Hopkins (1861-1947), Great Britain |
"for his discovery of the
growth-stimulating vitamins" |
| 1928 |
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
(1866-1936), France |
"for his work on
typhus" |
| 1927 |
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
(1857-1940), Austria |
"for his discovery of the
therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of
dementia paralytica" |
| 1926 |
Johannes Andreas Grib
Fibiger (1867-1928), Denmark |
"for his discovery of the
Spiroptera carcinoma" |
| 1925 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1924 |
Willem Einthoven
(1860-1927), the Netherlands |
"for his discovery of the
mechanism of the electrocardiogram" |
| 1923 |
Sir Frederick Grant Banting
(1891-1941), Canada
John James Richard Macleod (1876-1935), Canada |
"for the discovery of
insulin" |
| 1922 |
Sir Archibald Vivian Hill
(1886-1977), Great Britain |
"for his discovery
relating to the production of heat in the muscle"; |
| Otto Fritz Meyerhof
(1884-1951), Germany |
"for his discovery of the
fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen
and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" |
| 1921 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1920 |
Schack August Steenberg
Krogh (1874-1949), Denmark |
"for his discovery of the
capillary motor regulating mechanism" |
| 1919 |
Jules Bordet (1870-1961), Belgium |
"for his discoveries
relating to immunity" |
| 1918 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1917 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1916 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1915 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1914 |
Robert Bárány (1876-1936),
Austria |
"for his work on the
physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" |
| 1913 |
Charles Robert Richet
(1850-1935), France |
"in recognition of his
work on anaphylaxis" |
| 1912 |
Alexis Carrel (1873-1944), France |
"in recognition of his
work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels
and organs" |
| 1911 |
Allvar Gullstrand
(1862-1930), Sweden |
"for his work on the
dioptrics of the eye" |
| 1910 |
Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard
Albrecht Kossel (1853-1927),
Germany |
"in recognition of the
contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry
made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic
substances" |
| 1909 |
Emil Theodor Kocher
(1841-1917), Switzerland |
"for his work on the
physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" |
| 1908 |
Elie Metchnikoff
(1845-1916), Russia
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915), Germany |
"in recognition of their
work on immunity" |
| 1907 |
Charles Louis Alphonse
Laveran (1845-1922), France |
"in recognition of his
work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" |
| 1906 |
Camillo Golgi (1843-1926), Italy
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934), Spain |
"in recognition of their
work on the structure of the nervous system" |
| 1905 |
Robert Koch (1843-1910), Germany |
"for his investigations
and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis" |
| 1904 |
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
(1849-1936), Russia |
"in recognition of his
work on the physiology of digestion,
through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been
transformed and enlarged" |
| 1903 |
Niels Ryberg Finsen
(1860-1904), Denmark |
"in recognition of his
contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus
vulgaris,
with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new
avenue for medical science" |
| 1902 |
Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932),
Great Britain |
"for his work on malaria,
by which he has shown how it enters the organism
and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on
this disease and methods of combating it" |
| 1901 |
Emil Adolf von Behring
(1854-1917), Germany |
"for his work on serum
therapy, especially its application against diphtheria,
by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science
and
thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon
against illness and deaths" |
