|
YEAR |
LAUREATES |
MOTIVATIONS |
| 2002 |
Raymond Davis Jr. (1914-),
USA
Masatoshi Koshiba (1931-), Japan |
"for pioneering
contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of
cosmic neutrinos" |
| Riccardo Giacconi (1926-),
USA |
"for pioneering
contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of
cosmic X-ray sources" |
| 2001 |
Eric A. Cornell (1961-),
USA
Wolfgang Ketterle (1957-), Germany
Carl E. Wieman (1951-), USA |
"for the achievement of
Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms,
and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the
condensates" |
| 2000 |
Zhores I. Alferov (1930-),
Russia
Herbert Kroemer (1928-), USA |
"for developing
semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics" |
| Jack S. Kilby (1923-),
USA |
"for his part in the
invention of the integrated circuit" |
| 1999 |
Gerardus 't Hooft (1946-), the
Netherlands
Martinus J.G. Veltman (1931-), the Netherlands |
"for elucidating the
quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" |
| 1998 |
Robert B. Laughlin (1950-), USA
Horst L. Störmer (1949-), Germany
Daniel C. Tsui (1939-), USA. |
"for their discovery of a
new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged
excitations" |
| 1997 |
Steven Chu (1948-), USA
Claude N. Cohen-Tannoudji (1933-), France
William D. Phillips (1948-), USA |
"for development of
methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light" |
| 1996 |
David M. Lee (1931-),
USA
Douglas D. Osheroff (1945-), USA
Robert C. Richardson (1937-), USA |
"for their discovery of
superfluidity in helium-3" |
| 1995 |
Martin L. Perl (1927-),
USA |
"for the discovery of the
tau lepton" |
| Frederick Reines (1918-1998),
USA |
"for the detection of the
neutrino"
Joint Motivation: "for pioneering experimental
contributions to lepton physics" |
| 1994 |
Bertram N. Brockhouse
(1918-), Canada
Clifford G. Shull (1915-), USA |
"for pioneering
contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques
for studies of condensed matter" |
| 1993 |
Russell Alan Hulse (1950-), USA
Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. (1941-), USA |
"for the discovery of a
new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new
possibilities for the study of gravitation" |
| 1992 |
Georges Charpak (1924-),
France |
"for his invention and
development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire
proportional chamber" |
| 1991 |
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
(1932-), France
|
"for discovering that
methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems
can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular
to liquid crystals and polymers" |
| 1990 |
Jerome I. Friedman (1930-), USA
Henry W. Kendall (1926-1999), USA
Richard E. Taylor (1929-), Canada |
"for their pioneering
investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons
on protons and bound neutrons,
which have been of essential importance for the development of the
quark model in particle physics" |
| 1989 |
Norman F. Ramsey (1915-), USA |
"for the invention of the
separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen
maser and other atomic clocks" |
Hans G. Dehmelt (1922-), USA
Wolfgang Paul (1913-1993), Fed. Rep. of Germany |
"for the development of
the ion trap technique" |
| 1988 |
Leon M. Lederman (1922-), USA
Melvin Schwartz (1932-), USA
Jack Steinberger (1921-), USA |
"for the neutrino beam
method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the
leptons
through the discovery of the muon neutrino" |
| 1987 |
J. Georg Bednorz (1950-), Fed.
Rep. of Germany
K. Alexander Müller (1927-), Switzerland |
"for their important
breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic
materials" |
| 1986 |
Ernst Ruska (1906-1988), Fed.
Rep. of Germany |
"for his fundamental work
in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron
microscope" |
Gerd Binnig (1947-),
Fed. Rep. of Germany
Heinrich Rohrer (1933-), Switzerland |
"for their design of the
scanning tunneling microscope"
|
| 1985 |
Klaus von Klitzing (1943-), Fed.Rep.
of Germany |
"for the discovery of the
quantized Hall effect" |
| 1984 |
Carlo Rubbia (1934-),
Italy
Simon van der Meer (1925-), the Netherlands |
"for their decisive
contributions to the large project,
which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z,
communicators of weak interaction" |
| 1983 |
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
(1910-1995), USA |
"for his theoretical
studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure
and evolution of the stars" |
| William Alfred Fowler
(1911-1995), USA |
"for his theoretical and
experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance
in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" |
| 1982 |
Kenneth G. Wilson (1936-), USA |
"for his theory for
critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" |
| 1981 |
Nicolaas Bloembergen
(1920-), USA
Arthur L. Schawlow (1921-1999), USA |
"for their contribution to
the development of laser spectroscopy";
|
| Kai M. Siegbahn (1918-), Sweden |
"for his contribution to
the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" |
| 1980 |
James W. Cronin (1931-),
USA
Val Logsdon Fitch (1923-), USA |
"for the discovery of
violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of
neutral K-mesons" |
| 1979 |
Sheldon Lee Glashow (1932-),
USA
Abdus Salam (1926-1996), Pakistan
Steven Weinberg (1933-), USA |
"for their contributions
to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction
between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction
of the weak neutral current" |
| 1978 |
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa
(1894-1984), USSR |
"for his basic inventions
and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"; |
Arno A. Penzias (1933-), USA
Robert W. Wilson (1936-), USA |
"for their discovery of
cosmic microwave background radiation" |
| 1977 |
Philip W. Anderson (1923-), USA
Sir Nevill Francis Mott (1905-1996), Great Britain
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (1899-1980), USA |
"for their fundamental
theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic
and disordered systems" |
| 1976 |
Burton Richter (1931-), USA
Samuel Chao Chung Ting (1936-), USA |
"for their pioneering work
in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new
kind" |
| 1975 |
Aage Bohr (1922-), Denmark
Ben R. Mottelson (1926-), Denmark
James Rainwater (1917-1986), USA |
"for the discovery of the
connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic
nuclei
and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic
nucleus based on this connection" |
| 1974 |
Sir Martin Ryle (1918 -
1984), Great Britain
Antony Hewish (1924-), Great Britain |
"for their pioneering
research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and
inventions,
in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for
his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" |
| 1973 |
Leo Esaki (1925-), Japan
Ivar Giaever (1929-), USA |
"for their experimental
discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and
superconductors, respectively"
|
| Brian D. Josephson (1940-), Great
Britain |
"for his theoretical
predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel
barrier,
in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the
Josephson effects" |
| 1972 |
John Bardeen (1908-1991), USA
Leon N. Cooper (1930-), USA
J. Robert Schrieffer (1931-), USA |
"for their jointly
developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" |
| 1971 |
Dennis Gabor (1900-1979), Great
Britain |
"for his invention and
development of the holographic method" |
| 1970 |
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén
(1908-1995), Sweden |
"for fundamental work and
discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics
with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma
physics"; |
| Louis Néel (1904-), France |
"for fundamental work and
discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism
which have led to important applications in solid state
physics" |
| 1969 |
Murray Gell-Mann (1929-), USA |
"for his contributions and
discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles
and their interactions" |
| 1968 |
Luis W. Alvarez (1911-1988),
USA
|
"for his decisive
contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the
discovery of a large number of resonance states,
made possible through his development of the technique of using
hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" |
| 1967 |
Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906-),
USA |
"for his contributions to
the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries
concerning the energy production in stars" |
| 1966 |
Alfred Kastler (1902-1984), France |
"for the discovery and
development of optical methods for studying hertzian resonances in
atoms" |
| 1965 |
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
(1906-1979), Japan
Julian Schwinger (1918-1994), USA
Richard Phillips Feynman (1918-1988), USA |
"for their fundamental
work in quantum electrodynamics,
with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary
particles" |
| 1964 |
Charles Hard Townes (1915-),
USA
Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov (1922-2001), USSR
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (1916-), USSR |
"for fundamental work in
the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the
construction of oscillators and amplifiers
based on the maser-laser principle" |
| 1963 |
Eugene Paul Wigner
(1902-1995), USA
|
"for his contributions to
the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles,
particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental
symmetry principles"; |
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
(1906-1972), USA
J. Hans D. Jensen (1907-1973), Germany |
"for their discoveries
concerning nuclear shell structure" |
| 1962 |
Lev Davidovich Landau
(1908-1968), USSR |
"for his pioneering
theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" |
| 1961 |
Robert Hofstadter
(1915-1990), USA |
"for his pioneering
studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei
and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture
of the nucleons"; |
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer
(1929-), Germany
|
"for his researches
concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation
and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his
name" |
| 1960 |
Donald Arthur Glaser
(1926-), USA |
"for the invention of the
bubble chamber" |
| 1959 |
Emilio Gino Segrč
(1905-1989), USA
Owen Chamberlain (1920-), USA |
"for their discovery of
the antiproton" |
| 1958 |
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov
(1904-1990), USSR
Ilja Mikhailovich Frank (1908-1990), USSR
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (1885-1971), USSR |
"for the discovery and the
interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" |
| 1957 |
Chen Ning Yang (1922-), China
Tsung-Dao Lee (1926-), China |
"for their penetrating
investigation of the so-called parity laws
which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary
particles" |
| 1956 |
William Shockley
(1910-1989), USA
John Bardeen (1908-1991), USA
Walter Houser Brattain (1902-1987), USA |
"for their researches on
semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" |
| 1955 |
Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr.
(1913-), USA |
"for his discoveries
concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"; |
| Polykarp Kusch (1911-1993), USA |
"for his precision
determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" |
| 1954 |
Max Born (1882-1970), Great
Britain |
"for his fundamental
research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical
interpretation of the wavefunction"; |
| Walther Bothe (1891-1957), Germany |
"for the coincidence
method and his discoveries made therewith" |
| 1953 |
Fritz Zernike (1888-1966), the
Netherlands |
"for his demonstration of
the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the
phase contrast microscope" |
| 1952 |
Felix Bloch (1905-1983), USA
Edward Mills Purcell (1912-1997), USA |
"for their development of
new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements
and discoveries in connection therewith" |
| 1951 |
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft
(1897-1967), Great Britain
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (1903-1995), Ireland |
"for their pioneer work on
the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated
atomic particles" |
| 1950 |
Cecil Frank Powell
(1903-1969), Great Britain |
"for his development of
the photographic method of studying nuclear processes
and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" |
| 1949 |
Hideki Yukawa (1907-1981), Japan |
"for his prediction of the
existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear
forces" |
| 1948 |
Lord Patrick Maynard Stuart
Blackett (1897-1974),
Great Britain |
"for his development of
the Wilson cloud chamber method,
and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and
cosmic radiation" |
| 1947 |
Sir Edward Victor Appleton
(1892-1965), Great Britain |
"for his investigations of
the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery
of the so-called Appleton layer" |
| 1946 |
Percy Williams Bridgman
(1882-1961), USA |
"for the invention of an
apparatus to produce extremely high pressures,
and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high
pressure physics" |
| 1945 |
Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958), Austria |
"for the discovery of the
Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle" |
| 1944 |
Isidor Isaac Rabi
(1898-1988), USA |
"for his resonance method
for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" |
| 1943 |
Otto Stern (1888-1969), USA |
"for his contribution to
the development of the molecular ray method
and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" |
| 1942 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1941 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1940 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1939 |
Ernest Orlando Lawrence
(1901-1958), USA
|
"for the invention and
development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it,
especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" |
| 1938 |
Enrico Fermi (1901-1954), Italy
|
"for his demonstrations of
the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron
irradiation,
and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about
by slow neutrons" |
| 1937 |
Clinton Joseph Davisson
(1881-1958), USA
Sir George Paget Thomson (1892-1975), Great Britain |
"for their experimental
discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" |
| 1936 |
Victor Franz Hess
(1883-1964), Austria |
"for his discovery of
cosmic radiation"; |
| Carl David Anderson
(1905-1991), USA |
"for his discovery of the
positron" |
| 1935 |
Sir James Chadwick
(1891-1974), Great Britain |
"for the discovery of the
neutron" |
| 1934 |
|
The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of
this prize section. |
| 1933 |
Erwin Schrödinger
(1887-1961), Austria
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984), Great Britain |
"for the discovery of new
productive forms of atomic theory" |
| 1932 |
Werner Heisenberg
(1901-1976), Germany
|
"for the creation of
quantum mechanics, the application of which has,
inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of
hydrogen" |
| 1931 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1930 |
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata
Raman (1888-1970), India |
"for his work on the
scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named
after him" |
| 1929 |
Prince Louis-Victor de
Broglie (1892-1987), France |
"for his discovery of the
wave nature of electrons" |
| 1928 |
Sir Owen Willans Richardson
(1879-1959), Great Britain |
"for his work on the
thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law
named after him" |
| 1927 |
Arthur Holly Compton
(1892-1962), USA |
"for his discovery of the
effect named after him"; |
| Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
(1869-1959), Great Britain |
"for his method of making
the paths of electrically charged particles visible by
condensation of vapour" |
| 1926 |
Jean Baptiste Perrin
(1870-1942), France |
"for his work on the
discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his
discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" |
| 1925 |
James Franck (1882-1964), Germany
Gustav Hertz (1887-1975), Germany |
"for their discovery of
the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" |
| 1924 |
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn
(1886-1978), Sweden |
"for his discoveries and
research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" |
| 1923 |
Robert Andrews Millikan
(1868-1953), USA |
"for his work on the
elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric
effect" |
| 1922 |
Niels Henrik David Bohr
(1885-1962), Denmark |
"for his services in the
investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation
emanating from them" |
| 1921 |
Albert Einstein (1879-1955),
Germany and Switzerland |
"for his services to
Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law
of the photoelectric effect" |
| 1920 |
Charles Édouard Guillaume
(1861-1938), Switzerland |
"in recognition of the
service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics
by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys" |
| 1919 |
Johannes Stark (1874-1957), Germany |
"for his discovery of the
Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines
in electric fields" |
| 1918 |
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
(1858-1947), Germany |
"in recognition of the
services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his
discovery of energy quanta" |
| 1917 |
Charles Glover Barkla
(1877-1944), Great Britain |
"for his discovery of the
characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements" |
| 1916 |
|
The prize money was allocated
to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
| 1915 |
Sir William Henry Bragg
(1862-1942), Great Britain
Sir William Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971), Great Britain |
"for their services in the
analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays" |
| 1914 |
Max Theodor Felix von Laue
(1879-1960), Germany |
"for his discovery of the
diffraction of X-rays by crystals" |
| 1913 |
Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes
(1853-1926), the Netherlands |
"for his investigations on
the properties of matter at low temperatures which led,
inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" |
| 1912 |
Nils Gustaf Dalén
(1869-1937), Sweden |
"for his invention of
automatic regulators for use
in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses
and buoys" |
| 1911 |
Wilhelm Wien (1864-1928), Germany |
"for his discoveries
regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" |
| 1910 |
Johannes Diderik Van Der
Waals (1837-1923),
the Netherlands |
"for his work on the
equation of state for gases and liquids" |
| 1909 |
Guglielmo Marconi
(1874-1937), Italy
Carl Ferdinand Braun (1850-1918), Germany |
"in recognition of their
contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" |
| 1908 |
Gabriel Lippmann
(1845-1921), France |
"for his method of
reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of
interference" |
| 1907 |
Albert Abraham Michelson
(1852-1931), USA
|
"for his optical precision
instruments and the spectroscopic
and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" |
| 1906 |
Sir Joseph John Thomson
(1856-1940), Great Britain
|
"in recognition of the
great merits of his theoretical
and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity
by gases" |
| 1905 |
Philipp Eduard Anton von
Lenard (1862-1947), Germany |
"for his work on cathode
rays" |
| 1904 |
Lord John William Strutt
Rayleigh (1842-1919),
Great Britain |
"for his investigations of
the densities of the most important gases
and for his discovery of argon in connection with these
studies" |
| 1903 |
Antoine Henri Becquerel
(1852-1908), France |
"in recognition of the
extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of
spontaneous radioactivity"; |
Pierre Curie (1859-1906), France
Marie Curie (1867-1934), France |
"in recognition of the
extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint
researches
on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" |
| 1902 |
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
(1853-1928), the Netherlands
Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943), the Netherlands |
"in recognition of the
extraordinary service they rendered by their researches
into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" |
| 1901 |
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
(1845-1923), Germany |
"in recognition of the
extraordinary services he has rendered
by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after
him" |
